Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Chelating Agents on Mineral Content and Erosion of Radicular Dentine: A FESEM-EDS Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Irrigating solutions play an important role in the debridement and disinfection of the root canal space, and thus, it is crucial to comprehend their effects on the composition and surface structure of radicular dentine. This study evaluated and compared the effects of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 9% 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) and 0.2% chitosan on the mineral content and erosion of radicular dentine when used as a final rinse. METHODS: Sixty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated and instrumented to ProTaper size F2. After final instrumentation, the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to the type of final irrigant used: Normal saline (control), 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the erosion of radicular dentine, and energy dispersive X- ray spectroscopy was used to quantify the radicular dentine mineral composition at the coronal, middle and apical levels of all the prepared samples after final irrigation. The one-way analysis of variance was used for intra-group and inter-group comparisons of means, the Kruskal Wallis test for intra-group and inter-group comparisons of medians and Tukey's post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and Ca/P ratio after final rinse with 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan at all three root levels (p>0.05); except at the coronal level, where 0.2% chitosan caused significantly less alteration in Ca levels and Ca/P ratio than 17% EDTA and 9% HEBP respectively (p<0.05). 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan caused no erosion at the middle and apical levels. Meanwhile, 17% EDTA and 9% HEBP caused moderate erosion at the coronal level. CONCLUSION: Alternatives to 17% EDTA during final irrigation can be 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan. (EEJ-2023-06-078).

Demineralized dentin matrix technique - a comparison of different demineralizing solutions.

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure formed after the chemical treatment of teeth, for the development of autogenous grafts from the demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) technique, in order to identify the most efficient demineralizing solution. The specimens, originating from the root and coronal portion, were submitted to ultrasonic cleaning and drying in an oven for 1h at 100 ºC. Then, the density was determined by Archimedes' principle for each specimen, using distilled water as immersion liquid. The samples were separated into five groups: Control group: negative control, Distilled water;EDTA group: positive control, trisodium EDTA; NaOCl group: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; HCl-0.6M group: 0.6M hydrochloric acid; and H2O2/H2SO4 group: hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. Each specimen was immersed for 1h in the corresponding group descaling solution at 60 ºC. Subsequently, the mass loss and density of the treated specimens were determined by Archimedes' principle. Ultimately, the specimens of each group were characterized by microtomography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry X-ray (SEM-EDS). The results demonstrated that the H2O2/H2SO4 solution allowed the formation of interconnected micropores, suggesting better pore structures for application in scaffolds, when compared to the other studied solutions.

l-Glutamine supplementation reduces gastrointestinal permeability and biomarkers of physiological stress in preweaning Holstein heifer calves.

l-Glutamine supplementation improves gastrointestinal and immune function in dairy calves during controlled immune and stress challenges. However, it is unknown whether supplementing milk replacer (MR) with l-glutamine improves preweaning dairy calf health and welfare under production conditions. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing MR with l-glutamine on gastrointestinal permeability, immune function, growth performance, postabsorptive metabolic biomarkers, and physiological stress response in preweaning dairy calves. In 3 repetitions, Holstein heifer calves (n = 30; 1.5 ± 0.5 d old; 37.1 ± 0.86 kg body weight) were blocked by serum total protein, body weight, and age, and provided MR (3.8 L/calf per d; 24% CP, 17% fat, 12.5% solids) supplemented with l-glutamine (GLN; 10g/kg MR powder; n = 5 calves/repetition) or nonsupplemented (NSMR; n = 5 calves/repetition). Calves were individually housed with ad libitum starter grain and water access until weaning (56.4 ± 0.5 d old). At 1 and 6 wk of age, urinary catheters were placed, and calves were orally dosed with 1 L of chromium (Cr)-EDTA. Urine samples were collected over a 24-h period for Cr output analysis as an in vivo biomarker of gastrointestinal permeability. Blood was collected on study d 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, 42, and 56 to measure white blood cell counts, cortisol, insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and neutrophil: lymphocytes. Two study intervals were used in the statistical analyses, representing greater (P1; wk 1-3) and reduced (P2; wk 4-8) enteric disease susceptibility. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.) with calf as the experimental unit. Overall, total urinary Cr output was reduced in GLN versus NSMR calves. Total Cr output was reduced at 1 wk of age in GLN versus NSMR calves, but no differences were detected at 6 wk of age. Neutrophil:lymphocyte was decreased both overall and during P2 in GLN versus NSMR calves, and neutrophil counts tended to be reduced in GLN versus NSMR calves during P2. No MR treatment differences were detected for average daily feed intake, average daily gain, body measurements, postabsorptive metabolic biomarkers, disease scores, and therapeutic treatments between GLN and NSMR calves. In summary, l-glutamine supplementation reduced gastrointestinal permeability and biomarkers of physiological stress in preweaning Holstein heifer calves.

Effect of different root canal irrigants on push-out bond strength of two novel root-end filling materials.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate push-out bond strength of different root-end filling materials using various irrigant solutions. METHODS: A push-out bond strength test was performed to evaluate the bond strength of two experimental root-end filling materials: namely, nano-hybrid mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement filled with 20% weight nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) fillers compared to conventional MTA. The irrigant solutions employed were sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in concentrations 1%, 2.5% and 5.25% and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) followed by application of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). A freshly extracted sixty single-rooted human maxillary central incisors were used. The crowns were removed, the canal apex was widened to simulate immature teeth. Each type of irrigation protocols was performed. After application and setting of the root-end filling materials, a slice of one mm thickness was cut transversely from the apical end of each root. Specimens were stored for 1 month in artificial saliva and were subjected to a push-out test to evaluate the shear bond strength. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULTS: The experimental nano-hybrid MTA showed the highest significant push-out bond strength values when irrigated by NaOCl at several concentrations (1%, 2.5% and 5.25%) (P< 0.05). Meanwhile, irrigation with 2% CHX resulted in highest bond strength values in nano-hybrid white MTA (18 MPa) and PMMA filled with 20% weight nHA (17.4 MPa) with nonsignificant difference between them (p = 0.25). In each root-end filling material, irrigation with 2% CHX led to the highest significant bond strength, followed by NaOCl 1%, while the least significant bond strength was produced after irrigation with NaOCl 2.5% and 5.25% (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Considering the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the application of 2% CXH and 17% EDTA provides superior push-out bond strength to root canal dentin compared with irrigation with NaOCl irrigants and 17% EDTA, experimental nano-hybrid MTA root-end filling material provides enhanced shear bond strength than conventional micron-sized MTA root-end filling material.

The effects of different root canal irrigation protocols and artificial aging procedures on the bond strength between dentin and hybrid ceramic posts.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different root canal irrigation protocols applied to the dentin and artificial aging procedures on the micro pushout bond strength (mPBS) between dentin and hybrid ceramic posts. Seventy-five single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were divided into 5 groups (Gr1-5). 50 of the teeth were used for the mPBS tests (n = 10), whereas 25 were used for the smear layer examinations (n = 5). Post space were prepared and irrigated with different irrigation-protocols in each group. (Gr1:[SS], Gr2:[NaOCl] + SS, Gr3:[EDTA] + NaOCl + SS, Gr4:[MA] + NaOCl + SS, Gr5:[Ch] + NaOCl + SS). Post and core pattern were fabricated with pattern resin and a fiber post, after scanning, the posts were milled with Vita Enamic resin ceramic block, and cemented. After 7 days the roots were sliced at thicknesses of 1 mm; half of them were subjected to mPBS test, while the other half were tested after undergoing mechanical cycling for artificial aging. For data analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized to test normal distributions, 3-way analysis of variance was used to compare mPBS, and Tukey's HSD test was conducted for multiple comparisons. SEM analysis was performed for examination of failure modes and smear layer removal. Different root canal irrigation protocols affected mPBS significantly. While Gr4 had the highest mPBS, Gr1 had the lowest. Regarding to different zones, the highest mPBS was in coronal zone, and the lowest one was in the apical zone. The aging procedure also led to a statistically-significant decrease in mPBS. Most frequent failure modes were cohesive failure in dentin and mixed failure. Irrigation with 7%MA (Gr4) showed better performance than 17% EDTA (Gr3) in smear layer removal, especially at the apical zone of the tooth. This is critical for the success of root canal treatment and increased the mPBS to a higher extent in all zones of the tooth.

Chromatographic analysis of bromhexine and oxytetracycline residues in milk as a drug analysis medium with greenness profile appraisal.

Tetracyclines are frequently employed in animal husbandry. Bromhexine is a mucolytic drug that improves the efficacy of tetracyclines. It has been reported that residues of tetracyclines in milk may have negative effects on humans. Two versatile and accurate methods were developed for concurrent analysis of oxytetracycline (OTC) and bromhexine (BR) residues in spiked milk samples. Sample preparation was carefully considered for extraction and cleanup using the ecofriendly chemicals acetic acid, 0.1 N EDTA and ethanol or methanol. The first method was a TLC-densitometric method in which TLC plates previously treated with 10% EDTA (pH 9 with 40% sodium hydroxide) were used as a stationary phase. A solvent mixture of methanol : methylene chloride : 2% aqueous acetic acid (8 : 2 : 0.5, by volume) was the developing system, and detection was carried out at 254 nm. Metformin was used as the internal standard, and linearity was achieved in the ranges of 0.2-10 and 0.04-2 µg per band for OTC and BR, respectively. The second method was a RP-HPLC method; separation was performed on a C18 column using an isocratic mixture of ethanol : 7.5% aqueous acetic acid (70 : 30, v/v). Separation was achieved within 10 minutes, and linearity was proven in the ranges of 0.05-50 and 0.05-30 µg mL-1 for OTC and BR, respectively. Diclofenac sodium was used as an internal standard. The proposed methods were validated in accordance with the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine guidelines. Moreover, the performance and health and environmental impacts of the methods were evaluated using several greenness metrics, namely, the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), modified NEMI, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Eco-Scale and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric approaches. All the obtained results proved the validity of the developed methods concerning its performance and ecological effects. The methods can be used to investigate the presence of OTC residues in various marketed milk samples to maintain public health.

The generation of empty Turnip yellow mosaic virus capsids through depletion of virion-associated divalent cations.

Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is a well-studied icosahedral plant virus that has attractive properties for nanoscience applications. Stable empty particles devoid of viral genomic RNA have historically been generated from virions by: 1. high pressure; 2. extreme alkaline pH; and 3. freeze-thaw using liquid nitrogen. Herein we report a fourth and more convenient avenue for empty particle formation through EDTA treatment, implicating chelation of virion-associated cations. We present findings that confirm TYMV virions purified in an EDTA-based buffer are converted to 94 % empty on average during purification. Additional experimentation revealed TYMV virions purified through CsCl vs. sucrose gradients are more readily converted to empty particles after freeze thaw. These studies are novel as they show a purification method through EDTA-treatment that can generate stable empty particles devoid of viral genome. The convenience of this method should prove suitable for scientists seeking to use TYMV capsids in nanoscience-inspired applications. Importantly, these findings provide insight into historical discrepancies in creating empty particles after freeze-thaw, as the method in which TYMV virions are purified influences the downstream virion-to-empty conversion process.

Tetraspanins distinguish separate extracellular vesicle subpopulations in human serum and plasma - Contributions of platelet extracellular vesicles in plasma samples.

BACKGROUND: The ability to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from blood is vital in the development of EVs as disease biomarkers. Both serum and plasma can be used, but few studies have compared these sources in terms of the type of EVs that are obtained. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of different subpopulations of EVs in plasma and serum. METHOD: Blood was collected from healthy subjects, and plasma and serum were isolated in parallel. ACD or EDTA tubes were used for the collection of plasma, while serum was obtained in clot activator tubes. EVs were isolated utilising a combination of density cushion and SEC, a combination of density cushion and gradient or by a bead antibody capturing system (anti-CD63, anti-CD9 and anti-CD81 beads). The subpopulations of EVs were analysed by NTA, Western blot, SP-IRIS, conventional and nano flow cytometry, magnetic bead ELISA and mass spectrometry. Additionally, different isolation protocols for plasma were compared to determine the contribution of residual platelets in the analysis. RESULTS: This study shows that a higher number of CD9+ EVs were present in EDTA-plasma compared to ACD-plasma and to serum, and the presence of CD41a on these EVs suggests that they were released from platelets. Furthermore, only a very small number of EVs in blood were double-positive for CD63 and CD81. The CD63+ EVs were enriched in serum, while CD81+ vesicles were the rarest subpopulation in both plasma and serum. Additionally, EDTA-plasma contained more residual platelets than ACD-plasma and serum, and two centrifugation steps were crucial to reduce the number of platelets in plasma prior to EV isolation. CONCLUSION: These results show that human blood contains multiple subpopulations of EVs that carry different tetraspanins. Blood sampling methods, including the use of anti-coagulants and choice of centrifugation protocols, can affect EV analyses and should always be reported in detail.

Extraction of cucumber phloem sap based on the capillary-air pressure principle.

Changes in the substances in phloem sap can effectively reflect the nutritional status of cucumber plants during their growth. Because of the limitations of the time-consuming and complex operations of existing phloem sap extraction methods, the authors proposed a new extraction method based on the capillary-air pressure principle and designed a new sap sampling device. To examine the feasibility of the new sampling device, sap sampled from the same plant with the new method and the common EDTA method was analyzed by gas-phase mass spectrometry. The data showed that the number of substances in the sap sampled using capillary-air pressure was higher than that observed using the EDTA method. The concentration of substances sampled using capillary-air pressure was much higher than that observed using EDTA.

Effects of ex vivo blood anticoagulation and preanalytical processing time on the proteome content of platelets.

BACKGROUND: Ex vivo assays of platelet function critically inform mechanistic and clinical hematology studies, where effects of divergent blood processing methods on platelet composition are apparent, but unspecified. OBJECTIVE: Here, we evaluate how different blood anticoagulation options and processing times affect platelet function and protein content ex vivo. METHODS: Parallel blood samples were collected from healthy human donors into sodium citrate, acid citrate dextrose, EDTA or heparin, and processed over an extended time course for functional and biochemical experiments, including platelet proteome quantification with multiplexed tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS: Each anticoagulant had time-dependent effects on platelet function in whole blood. For instance, heparin enhanced platelet agonist reactivity, platelet-monocyte aggregate formation and platelet extracellular vesicle release, while EDTA increased platelet α-granule secretion. Following platelet isolation, TMT-MS quantified 3357 proteins amongst all prepared platelet samples. Altogether, >400 proteins were differentially abundant in platelets isolated from blood processed at 24 h versus 1 h post-phlebotomy, including proteins pertinent to membrane trafficking and exocytosis. Anticoagulant-specific effects on platelet proteomes included increased complement system and decreased α-granule proteins in platelets from EDTA-anticoagulated blood. Platelets prepared from heparinized blood had higher levels of histone and neutrophil-associated proteins in a manner related to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and platelet:NET interactions in whole blood ex vivo. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that different anticoagulants routinely used for blood collection have varying effects on platelets ex vivo, where methodology-associated alterations in platelet proteome may influence mechanistic, translational and biomarker studies.

Effects of chelating calcium in cryopreservation extender on frozen-thawed dog semen / [Efeitos da quelação de cálcio no meio de criopreservação no sêmen descongelado de cão]

We evaluated the effect of reducing free calcium in the cryopreservation medium, using the calcium chelator ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) at 0.3% and 0.5% concentrations. Three male mixed breed dogs were subjected to semen collection by digital manipulation (n=16). Each ejaculate was divided in three aliquots, and each one was diluted in TRIS-glucose-egg yolk extender with 6% glycerol and 0.5% Equex STM Paste® (TGE, control); and added with 0.3% EDTA (EDTA 0.3) or 0.5% EDTA (EDTA 0.5). Calcium concentration reduced in EDTA 0.3 and all the calcium ions were chelated in EDTA 0.5. The EDTA addition did not affect sperm morphology or plasma membrane integrity; however, by removing all free calcium (EDTA 0.5), the sperm motility reduced (64.7% in TGE and 45% in EDTA 0.5; p<0.05). Acrosome integrity and sperm binding ability were not improved by calcium chelation. The failure to prevent the premature AR may explain why sperm longevity was not affected by calcium removal. Thus, the partial or complete calcium removal, through EDTA addition, is not able to prevent acrosomal damage or premature acrosomal reaction, and therefore does not improve the dog sperm binding ability.(AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito da redução do cálcio livre no meio de congelamento, usando-se o quelante de cálcio etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) a 0,3% e 0,5%. Três cães machos sem raça definida foram submetidos à coleta de sêmen por manipulação digital (n=16). Cada ejaculado foi diluído em diluidor controle com TRIS-glicose - gema de ovo (TGE, controle), ou em diluidor TGE enriquecido com 0,3% (EDTA 0,3) ou 0,5% de EDTA (EDTA 0,5). A concentração de cálcio reduziu no meio EDTA 0,3, e todos os íons de cálcio foram quelados no meio EDTA 0,5. A adição do EDTA e a consequente quelação do cálcio não afetaram a morfologia espermática ou a integridade da membrana plasmática, no entanto, ao remover todo o cálcio do meio (EDTA 0,5), a motilidade espermática se reduziu (64,7% no TGE e 45% no EDTA 0,5; P<0,05). A integridade do acrossoma e a capacidade de ligação do espermatozoide não melhoraram com a quelação do cálcio. Apesar da influência da concentração de cálcio sobre a motilidade espermática após o descongelamento, a falha em prever a reação acrossomal prematura pode explicar por que a longevidade espermática não foi afetada pela remoção do cálcio no meio. Dessa forma, a remoção parcial ou total do cálcio, por meio da adição de EDTA, não é capaz de prevenir o dano no acrossoma ou a reação acrossomal prematura e, portanto, não aumenta a capacidade do espermatozoide de se ligar ao oócito.(AU)

Effect of EDTA on measurement of cortisol and thyroxine by chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay in dogs.

The addition of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) to serum can affect the measurement of cortisol by chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CEIA); addition of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) may reverse the effects. However, similar characteristics for thyroxine (T4) measurement are unknown. We measured cortisol and T4 in paired EDTA-anticoagulated plasma and serum samples from 50 dogs. Additionally, both hormones were measured in 15 samples of each type after the addition of MgCl2. Samples were collected under routine clinical conditions; therefore, specific EDTA concentrations in plasma samples were unknown. Cortisol and T4 values were significantly different comparing plasma and serum samples in the absence of MgCl2. For cortisol and T4, EDTA-plasma concentrations were 51.2% and 43.7% higher than serum, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). The addition of MgCl2 to plasma significantly decreased the measured cortisol concentrations (p < 0.001) but not T4 (p = 0.44). After addition of MgCl2, cortisol concentrations in EDTA-plasma were no longer significantly different from serum, whereas T4 concentrations in EDTA-plasma remained significantly different from serum. In the clinical setting in which tubes may be underfilled, use of EDTA-plasma significantly increases the measured concentration of cortisol and T4 obtained by CEIA. Addition of MgCl2 to EDTA-plasma can overcome the effects of EDTA when measuring cortisol, but not T4. Thus, T4 should not be measured in EDTA-plasma.

Fluorescence "on-off-on" Assay of Copper Ions and EDTA Using Amino-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots.

Copper is an important trace element involved in several physiological processes. The deficiency or excess of Cu in the human body may cause some serious diseases. EDTA has been widely employed in many industry fields owing to its excellent chelating ability. The poor biodegradability of EDTA makes itself a persistent substance in the natural environment. This work provided a fluorescence "on-off-on" strategy for the sequential determination of trace Cu2+ and EDTA. Amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots (afGQDs) were synthetized via the thermal pyrolysis of citric acid. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between afGQDs and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) effectively quenched the fluorescence of this carbon-based nanomaterial. The generation of the Cu2+-PAN complex caused the increased FRET efficiency and the further fluorescence decline. The change of the fluorescence intensity sensitively responded to copper ions. The linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) were 1 nM-10 µM and 0.87 nM, respectively. EDTA could decompose the Cu2+-PAN complex and liberate PAN, which weakened the FRET efficiency and led to the fluorescence recovery. The increasing degree of the fluorescence intensity was closely related to EDTA within a concentration range from 10 nM to 10 µM with a LOD at 4 nM. Copper ions in the water and human serum samples and EDTA in the trypsin-EDTA sample were successfully detected based on the proposed fluorescence method.

Kinetic study of the degradation of rhodamine B using a flow-through UV/electro-Fenton process with the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

An UV enhanced electro-Fenton (EF) process was conducted in a flow-through system to remove rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA). The process was denoted as UV/EDTA/EF where EDTA formed complexes with iron ions, thus keeping them soluble at high pH values. The process was very efficient as it could initiate the fast reduction of FeIII to FeII and thus the decomposition of H2O2. The influence of Fe dose, the ratio of EDTA:Fe, aeration rate, flow rate, current, initial RhB concentration and pH on the RhB removal in the UV/EDTA/EF process was investigated. The best RhB removal was obtained as 89.9% at [Fe]0 = [EDTA]0 = 0.2 mM, current = 50 mA, aeration rate = 20 mL min-1, flow rate = 7 mL min-1, pH = 7 and [Na2SO4]0 = 0.05 M. The degradation of EDTA during the process was also studied. Radical scavenging experiments indicated that OH was the dominant radical for RhB removal. While, the photolysis of FeIIIEDTA was mainly responsible for EDTA degradation. RhB and EDTA removal in different systems was compared. The stability test proved that in the presence of EDTA, the UV/EF process could remove RhB with high efficiency in the first two runs. While, the efficiency dropped remarkably after EDTA's complete depletion. The mechanisms of the UV/EDTA/EF process were proposed. UV/EDTA/EF conducted in the flow-through system was able to efficiently remove RhB as well as EDTA in a wide pH range and proposed as a promising approach for wastewater treatment.

Effect of EDTA enriched diets on farmed fish allergenicity and muscle quality; a proteomics approach.

Fish is one of the most common elicitors of food-allergic reactions worldwide. These reactions are triggered by the calcium-binding muscle protein ß-parvalbumin, which was shown to have reduced immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding capacity upon calcium depletion. This work aimed to reduce gilthead seabream allergenicity using diets supplemented with a calcium chelator. Three experimental feeds were tested, differing in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) supplementation, and its effects on muscle and parvalbumin's IgE-reactivity were analyzed. Chromatographic determination of EDTA showed no accumulation in the muscle and sensory results demonstrated that the lowest concentration did not affect fish quality as edible fish. Proteomics revealed one protein related to muscle contraction with significantly different relative abundance. Immunoblot assays performed with fish-allergic patients sera indicated a 50% reduction in IgE-reactivity upon EDTA presence. These preliminary results provide the basis for the further development of a non-GMO approach to modulate fish allergenicity and improve safety of aquaculture fish.

Antitumor efficacy of EDTA co-treatment with cisplatin in tumor-bearing mice

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used in various medical applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the antitumor efficacy of EDTA alone or with cisplatin (Cis). Fifty male albino mice were used to assess the median lethal dose (LD50) of EDTA via intraperitoneal (i.p) injection. To determine the antitumor activity, fifty female albino mice were divided into five groups as the following; Group 1 (Gp1) was negative control; (Gp2-5) inoculated i.p with 2×106 Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells/mouse. After one day, Gp3, Gp4 and Gp5 injected with Cis (2 mg/kg), EDTA (25 mg/kg) and Cis (2 mg/kg)/EDTA (25 mg/kg) for six days, respectively. At day 14, all groups were sacrificed to assess the tumor profile, liver enzymes (alanine transaminases and aspartate transaminases), kidney function (urea and creatinine) and electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Ca2+). The results showed that the i.p LD50 of EDTA was 250 mg/kg. Treatment with EDTA alone did not show any antitumor activity and did not interfere with the antitumor efficacy of Cis. Biochemical findings revealed that EDTA had mild toxicity on liver and kidneys functions. In summary, EDTA had no antitumor effect and did not alter the Cis efficacy.

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO by FeII(EDTA) solution: promotion of Mn powder and mechanism of reduction.

The effect of Mn powder addition on the simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO coupled with FeII(EDTA) absorption was investigated in this work. In the NO absorption system with FeII(EDTA), SO2 reduced FeII(EDTA)-NO to FeII(EDTA) with a reduction efficiency reaching 88.5% under the conditions of 4000 mg/m3 SO2, pH 8.0, 44 °C, and the flow rate of 1.2 L/min within 60 min. Introducing 0.1 M Mn powder with SO2 increased the FeII(EDTA)-NO reduction efficiency to 96.8% within 5 min. SO2 was also removed by reducing FeII(EDTA)-NO and converted into SO42- at a removal efficiency of 100%. After adding Mn powder, NO was removed through the following reaction: [Formula: see text]. Mn powder functioned as a reductant to regenerate the absorption of solution, and the coordinated NO in FeII(EDTA)-NO was reduced to NH4+. The resource utilization rate of N reached approximately 77.2%. The integrated technology is a potential solution for flue gas treatment in industrial sectors with coal-fired power plants and industrial boiler. Graphical abstract.

Stability of the liquid markers chromium (III) and cobalt (III)-EDTA in autoclaved, clarified rumen fluid.

An ideal digesta marker for use in feeding studies is inert, unabsorbable, and moves with the portion of the digesta it is intended to mark. Both chromium (III) and cobalt (III) salts of EDTA (CrEDTA and CoEDTA, respectively) have been used as digesta liquid markers in studies with dairy cattle. Although a small portion of these markers is known to be absorbed and excreted in urine, the markers are assumed to remain ionically bound in the digesta. The degree to which these salts remain bound in solution can be determined through spectrophotometric measurement at the wavelength (λ) of peak absorbance of these colored compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether CrEDTA and CoEDTA dissociate during incubation in autoclaved, clarified rumen fluid (ACRF), as indicated by changes in absorbance. In a complete block design with separate replicated analytical runs, approximately 40 mg/L of Cr from CrEDTA or Co from CoEDTA were incubated in 2 separate preparations of ACRF from 2 lactating Holstein cows, in water (CrEDTA), or in MES buffer (CoEDTA), and appropriate reagent blanks. Solution pH were approximately 6.0. Samples were incubated for 24 h at 39°C with absorbance measurements recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 22, and 24. The CrEDTA was measured at λ = 541 nm, CoEDTA at λ = 535 nm, and both were measured with wavescans of λ = 330 to 700 nm. At their peak λ, both CrEDTA in water and CoEDTA in MES buffer maintained absorbance values throughout the incubation, whereas, in ACRF, CrEDTA absorbance decreased by 9% at 0 h, and by up to 14% by 24 h; CoEDTA showed a gradual decline over time, with approximately 4% loss in absorbance by 24 h. Responses differed by ACRF preparation. Both markers in ACRF showed increases and decreases over time in absorbance at λ = 330 and 380 nm, though the changes were more marked for CrEDTA; markers not in ACRF showed no change in absorbance at these λ. Changes in the absorbance values at λ = 330 and 380 nm suggest that soluble phenolic compounds may be involved in the exchange of metals with EDTA, but that does not preclude involvement of other components in rumen fluid. Both CrEDTA and CoEDTA incubated in ACRF showed declines over time in absorbance at their peak λ, suggesting that the metals dissociated from EDTA. The apparent dissociation indicates that these liquid markers are not inert as had been assumed.

A novel fluorescent chemosensor for detection of Zn(II) ions based on dansyl-appended dipeptide in two different living cells.

This paper describes a new fluorescent chemosensor (DSH) based on dipeptide conjugated with dansyl group, which was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technology. DSH exhibited a highly selective and sensitive toward Zn2+ ions by "turn-on" response based on generation of monomer-excimer mechanism in aqueous solutions, and the detection limit was calculated at 11.2 nM. In addition, the reversible of DSH-Zn with Na2EDTA establishes the reuse of DSH, and the circulation effect was very good. Moreover, DSH had good water solubility, and was successfully applied to bioimage intracellular Zn2+ ions and Na2EDTA in two different living cells with exciting cellular permeability and low cytotoxicity, which indicated that DSH had great potential in the application of biological imaging.

Effect of EDTA and NTA on cadmium distribution and translocation in Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Mott.

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) distribution in Pennisetum purpurem (Napier grass) in the presence of 30 mg/L of Cd and different types and concentrations of chelating agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium dihydrate (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and EDTA-NTA mixtures). Plant samples were collected every 15 d during a 105-d experimental period. Accumulation of Cd in each part of the plant was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS), and the distribution of Cd was determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) and synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence (SR-micro-XRF). The highest concentrations of Cd accumulation of 889 ± 53 mg kg-1 in the underground part (roots) and 265 ± 26 mg kg-1 in the aboveground part (stems and leaves) in the presence of 1:1 M ratio of Cd:EDTA after 30 d of exposure were observed. Plants grown in the presence of either NTA or EDTA-NTA mixtures showed significant lower Cd accumulation levels. The LA-ICP-MS analysis showed that Cd was primarily accumulated in the aboveground part (stems and leaves), especially in the xylem and intercalary meristem. In addition, translocation factor was very low. Thus, P. purpurem could be considered as a candidate plant for cadmium phytostabilization.